kqsf/x?sf] clwsf/ / st{Joaf/] cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h

kqsf/x?sf] clwsf/ / st{Joaf/] Do''lgv 3f]if0ffkq

of] 3f]if0ffkq ;g\ !(&! gjDa/ @$ / @% df Do'lgvdf tof/ kf/L cg'df]bg ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 o;nfO{ kqsf/x?sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3 -cfO{Pkmh]_ nufot o'/f]ksf ljleGg b]zsf kqsf/x?sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yfx?n] :jLsf/ u/] .

k|:tfjgf M
;"rgf kfpg] xs, cleJolQm / cfnf]rgf ug]{ :jtGqtf dflg;sf df}lns clwsf/x?dWo] Ps xf] . 36gf tyf ljrf/x?af/] ;"lrt x'g] hgtfsf clwsf/x?af6 g} kqsf/sf ;a} clwsf/ / st{Jox?sf] l;h{gf x'G5g\ . kqsf/x?nfO{ hflu/ lbg] ;+:yf / JolQmx? tyf ;fj{hlgs kbdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx?k|lt eGbf hgtfk|lt kqsf/x?sf] bfloTj a9L x'G5 . hgtfk|ltsf] p;sf] bloTjn] p;sf c?k|ltsf bfloTjx?, vf; u/L cfˆgf] dflns / ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?k|ltsf] bfloTjnfO{ pl5G5 . ;"rgfsf] p2]Zoleq g} To:tf dof{bf jf aGb]hx? k/]sf x'G5g\ hf] kqsf/x?n] cfkm'v'zL cfkm}dfly :jtM:km't{ ?kdf nfu" u5{g\ . tn ;"qa4 ul/Psf bfloTjx?sf] p2]Zo oxL xf] . kqsf/n] cfˆgf] Joj;fo kfng ubf{ cfTdlge{/tf / Jofj;flos ;Ddfgsf] l:yltdf dfq oL st{Jox? k"/f ug{ ;S5g\ . clwsf/ ;DaGwL tn n]lvPsf] 3f]if0ffsf] clek|fo oxL xf] .

st{Jo
!= h:tf];'s} kl/df0f ef]Ug' k/] klg ;Tosf] ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ lsgls ;To yfxf kfpg' hgtfsf] clwsf/ xf] .
@= ;"rgf kfpg], l6Kk0fL ug]{ / cfnf]rgf ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug{'k5{ .
#= cfkm'nfO{ ;|f]t yfxf ePsf cfwf/df dfq l/kf]6{ ug'{k5{ . cfjZos jf cleGg ;"rgfx? bafpg' x'Fb}g . d"n kf7 (texts) / sfutkqx? (documents) x]/km]/ ug{' x'Fb}g .
$=;dfrf/, kmf]6f] / sfuhftx? k|fKt ug{ u}/sfg'gL tl/sf ckgfpg' jf hfn em]n ug{' x'Fb}g .
%= c? JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf] ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ .
^= s'g} klg k|sflzt ;dfrf/ unt kfOof] eg] ;'wf/ ug{'k5{ .
&= Joj;flos uf]Kotfsf] kfng ug}{k5{ / uf]Ko /fVg] ljZjf; lbP/ k|fKt u/]sf ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t vf]Ng' x'Fb}g .
*= oL s'/fx?nfO{ uDeL/ Jofj;flos ck/fw 7fGg' k5{ M
- c?sf] ljrf/ jf s[ltnfO{ cfˆg} h:tf] u/L k|:t't ug{', efj rf]g{' (plagiarism)
- em"7f cleof]u, cf/f]k, ckufn (calumny)
- lgGbf, sn+s, b'gf{d, abVjfO{ (slander)
- dfgxfgL, ckdfghgs jStJo tyf k|df0fxLg cf/f]k (lible and unfounded accusation)
- 3'; jf s'g} k|sf/sf] nfe lnP/ s'g} ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ug{' jf ;dfrf/ n'sfpg'÷bafpg' .

(= kqsfl/tfsf] k]zfnfO{ lj1fkg Joj;foL jf k|rf/ssf] k]zf;Fu ld;fpg' jf uf]ndfn ug{' x'Fb}g tyf lj1fkg ug]{x?sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If cfb]znfO{ OGsf/ ug{'k5{ .
!)= x/]s bafjsf] k|ltsf/ ug'{k5{ / ;Dkfbgsfo{df ;+nUg lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] lbPsf] ;Dkfbg ;+a+wL cfb]zdfq kfng ug{'k5{ .

cfˆgf] k]zfdfly uj{ ug]{ k|To]s kqsf/n] dfly plNnlvt lgodx? OdfGbf/L k"j{s kfng ug{' cfˆgf] st{Jo 7fG5 . ;+a+lwt b]zsf] k|rlnt sfg'g cGtu{t, kqsf/n] Jofj;flos ljifox?df cfˆgf ;xwdL{x?sf] dfq Goflos If]qnfO{ :jLsf/ u5{ . p;n] ;/sf/ jf c?sf] x/]s k|sf/sf] x:tIf]knfO{ lgif]w jf alxisf/ u5{ .

clwsf/ M
!= kqsf/x?n] ;"rgfsf ;a} ;|f]tx? ;dIf kx''Fr kfpg' kg]{] bfaL u5{g\ tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ ;Dk"0f{ 36gfx?af/] :jtGqtfk"j{s 5fgaLg ug{' cfˆgf] clwsf/ 7fG5g\ . o; sf/0f ljz]if jf ckjfbsf 36gfx? tyf :ki6 ?kdf O+lut jf pNn]v ul/Psf] cj:yfdf dfq} ;fj{hlgs jf JolQmut uf]Kotfsf] s'/fn] kqsf/x?nfO{ afwf kfg{;S5 .
@= kqsf/x?nfO{ p;n] sfd ug]{ ;+rf/ ;+:yfsf] k|rlnt gLlt;Fu gldNg], ;]jfsf zt{x? ljk/Lt tyf pQm k|rlnt gLltdf :ki6 ?kdf ;dfj]z gul/Psf sfd s'/f ug{ / Tof:tf sfdnfO{ ;3fpg OGsf/ ug]{ clwsf/ 5 .
#= kqsf/nfO{ p;sf] ljZjf; jf ljj]s ljk/Lt s'g} Jofj;flos sfd ug{ jf ljrf/ JoQm ug{ jfWo kfg{ ;lsg] 5}g .
$= ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx? -Pl86f]l/on :6fkm_ nfO{ pgLx?sf] Joj;fo÷hflu/nfO{ k|efj kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox?sf] hfgsf/L clgjfo{ ?kn] lbOg'k5{ . kqsf/x?sf] lgo'lQm, lgisf;g, cfGtl/s kl/jt{g / kbf]Gglt h:tf Pl86f]l/on :6fkmsf] u7g jf agf}6;Fu ;+a+lwt ;a} k|sf/sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? lng'cl3 pgLx?;Fu k/fdz{ lnOg'k5{ .
%=kqsf/sf] sfd / lhDd]bf/Lsf] dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ kqsf/n] ;fd"lxs ;Demf}tfsf] kl/df0f:j?k k|fKt x'g] nfex?dfq} x}g gf]s/Lsf] JolQmut s/f/df lgZro ul/Psf] p;sf] sfdsf] ef}lts tyf g}lts ;'/Iff ;fy} p;sf] ;fdflhs l:ylt ;'xfpFbf] / p;sf] cfly{s :jtGqtfnfO{ k|Tofe"lt ug]{ :t/sf] tna kfpg' p;sf] xs xf] .

cd]l/sL kl/kf6L

-cd]l/sL ;dfrf/kq ;Dkfbs ;dfh (ASNE) åf/f kfl/t b:tfj]h—!(&% . ;g\ !(@#df klxnf] k6s hf/L ul/Psf] ;+lxtfnfO{ ;g\ !(&% df ;+zf]wg ul/Psf]_

k|:tfjgf M

cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] cleJolQm :jtGqtfnfO{ s'g} klg sfg'gåf/f g36fOg] ;+/If0f k|bfg ub}{, k]|;dfkm{t pgLx?sf] ;+j}wflgs xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / o;/L ;dfrf/kq Joj;foLx?dfly vf; lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] 5 .

o;}n] kqsfl/tfn] o;sf Joj;foLx?af6 cf}Bf]lus ;Lk / 1fgdfq xf]Og, kqsf/sf] Psdfq bfloTjnfO{ ;'xfpg] u/L lgi7fsf] plrt dfkb08 kfng ug{ k|oTgzLn /xg cfu|x ub{5 .

o; nIok|flKtdf, cd]l/sL ;dfrf/kq ;Dkfbs ;dfhn] b]xfosf l;4fGtx?sf] b:tfj]hnfO{ pRr g}lts Pj+ Jofj;flos cfrf/0fsf dfkb08sf] ?kdf k|:t't ub{5 .

wf/f !— pQ/bfloTj M

;dfrf/ tyf larf/x?sf] ;Íng / ljt/0fsf] k|f/lDes p2]Zo tTsfnLg ;dosf k|Zgx?af/] hgtfnfO{ ;"lrt u/fP/ tyf pgLx?nfO{ ltgdf lg0f{o lng ;Ifd agfP/ ;J{f;fwf/0fsf] lxt ug'{ xf] . cfˆgf] Jofj;flos e"ldsfsf] JolQmut :jfy{ cyjf cjfG5gLo sfdx?df b'?kof]u ug]{ k'?if tyf dlxnf kqsf/x?n] hgtfsf] ljZjf; / cf:yf u'dfpF5g\ .

cd]l/sL k|]; s]jn ;';"lrt u/fpg jf ax;sf nflu d~r ÷kmf]/d aGg dfq :jtGq agfOPsf] xf]Og . o;sf] p2]Zo ;/sf/sf ;a} txdf /fHozlQmsf] ;~rfng nufot ;dfhdf lqmofzLn zlQm ;d"xx?sf] :jtGq lgu/fgL÷5fglag (Scrutiny) ug{ ;dIf agfpg' klg xf] .

wf/f @ — k]|;sf] :jtGqf M

k|];sf] :jtGqf hgtfsf] nflu xf] . ;fJ{fhlgs -;/sf/L_ xf];\ jf lghL, s'g} klg If]qaf6 o;dfly cfqmd0f jf x:tIf]k ePdf o;sf] /Iff ul/g'kb{5 . hgtfsf sfdsfh ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u/fpg kqsf/x? lg/Gt/ rgfvf] /xg'kb{5 . ;fy} pgLx? k|];nfO{ :jfyL{ k|of]hgsf nflu zf]if0f ug{ vf]Hg] ;a};Fu ;fjwfg /xg'kb{5 .

wf/f #— cfTdlge{/tf (Independence) M

kqsf/x?n] czf]egLo sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;} u/L czf]egLo b]lvg] tyf s'g} nfeaf/] ljjfb jf ljjfb b]lvg] s'/fnfO{ klg kG5fpg' kb{5 . kqsf/n] cfˆgf] k]zfut lgi7fl;t ;f}bfafhL ug]{ jf To:tf] u/]sf] b]lvg] s'g} klg sfo{ tyf s'g} klg s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

wf/f $— ;To / tYo (Truth and Accuracy) M

kf7sx?l;t c;n ljZjf;sf] ;DaGw c;n kqsfl/tfsf] hu xf] . ;dfrf/df] laifoj:t' tYok"0f{], kIfkft/lxt 5 / rlr{t laifosf ;a} kIfnfO{ plrt 9Ën] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u/fpg x/]s k|of; ul/g' kb{5 . ;DkfbsLo, lZn]if0ffTds n]v Pj+ l6Kk0fLx? k|:t't ubf{ ;dfrf/ ljj/0fdf lbPh:t} pxL tYosf dfkb08nfO{ cg';/0f ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 .

tYo;DaGwL d'Vo uNtLx?, 5"6 ePsf uNtLx?nfO{ k|d'vtf lbP/ tTk/tf;fy ;RofOg'kb{5 .

wf/f %– lgikIftf (Impartiality)

lgikIf x'g'sf] tfTko{ k]|;n] k|Zg ug{ jf ;DkfbsLo cleJolQm ug{ gx'g] eGg] xf]Og . ;j{;Ddt k|rng cg';f/ kf7sx?sf lgldQ ;dfrf/ ljj/0f tyf larf/aLr :ki6 ;Ldf /]vfÍg ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . larf/ jf JolQmut ljrf/sf] JofVof ul/Psf n]vx?nfO{ :ki6 ?kdf klxrfg ul/g' kb{5 .

wf/f ^– plrt Jojxf/ (Fair Play) M

kqsf/x?n] ;dfrf/df rlr{t dflg;sf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . o;}u/L, pgLx?n] lzi6tfsf ;fdfGo dfkb08x?sf] kfngf ug]{ tyf cfˆgf] ;dfrf/ ljj/0fsf] cf}lrTo Pj+ jf:tljstfaf/] hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g' kb{5 .

;fj{hlgs ?kdf cleof]u nfu]sf JolQmx?nfO{ k|ltjfb ug{ ;s];Dd l56f] cj;/ lbOg' k5{ .

;fy} ;dfrf/sf ;|f]tx?sf] uf]kgLotfnfO{ sfod /fVg] afrfnfO{ x/xfntdf ;Ddfg ul/g' kb{5 / ;s];Dd To:tf] ;|f]t v'nfpg' xFb}g . t/ uf]kgLotf /fVg' kg]{ :ki6 Pj+ cTofjZos sf/0f 5}g eg] ;dfrf/ sf] ;|f]tnfO{ v'nfpg' kb{5 .

Aofj;flos kqsf/x?sf] ;dfh
(Sigma Delta Chi)

cfrf/ ;+lxtf

Aofj;flos kqsf/x?sf] ;dfh -;f];fO{6L_ ckm k|f]km];gn hgf{lni6;\_, l;Udf 8]N6f rL kqsf/x?sf] st{Ao ;Tosf] ;]jf ug'{ xf] eGg]df ljZjf; ub{5 .

xfdL cfd;+rf/sf lgsfox? ;fj{hlgs ax; / ;"rgfsf ;+jfxs x'g\ eGg]df ljZjf; ub5f}F, h;n] ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfg cGt/ut /xL tYo a'‰g] / To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg] :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ub{5g\ . xfdL Gofosf] cu|b"tsf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|af]wg / hgtfsf] ;To s'/f yfxf kfpg] clwsf/sf] c+usf] ?kdf ;To km}nfpg] xfd|f] ;+a}wflgs e"ldsfdf ljZjf; ub{5f}F .
xfdL tL lhDd]jf/Lx? k"/f ubf{ kqsf/x?n] cfKfmgf 1fg , ljifolgi7tf, ;To / lgikIftfsf cfwf/df cfˆgf] bfloTj k"/f ug'{kg]{df ljZjf; ub{5f}F .

oL p2]Zosf nflu xfdL lgwf{l/t dfgb08 :jLsf/ ug]{ 3f]if0f o;/L ub{5f}F .

lhDd]jf/L M
;fa{hlgs dxTj / lxtsf 36gfx?af/] ;';"lrt x'g] hgtfsf] clwsf/ cfd;+rf/ dfWodsf] k|d'v nIo xf] . ;dfrf/ tyf k|a'4 ljrf/ k|rf/–k|;f/ ug'{sf] p2]Zo ;fa{hlgs enfO{sf lglDt xf] . kqsf/x?n] hgtfsf] k|ltlglwsf] x}l;otn] lghL :jfy{ / lg/y{s p2]Zosf nflu cfkm\gf Jofj;flos k|lti7fsf] ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;f] ubf{ kqsf/sf] pRr ljZj;gLotfsf] pNn+3g x'G5 .

k|]; :jtGqtf M
k|]; :jtGqtfnfO{ :jtGq ;dfhdf hgtfsf] cleGg clwsf/sf ?kdf /Iff ul/g'kb{5 . ;/sf/ tyf ;fAf{hlgs / lghL ;+:yfx?af/] 5nkmn ug]{, To;sf ultljlw ;DaGwdf k|Zg ug]{ tyf ltgsf sfo{ / clEfAolTfmx?sf ;DaGwdf r'gf}lt lbg] k|];sf] :jtGqtf / pTf/bfloTj o; cGt/u{t k5{ . clk|o ljrf/ Jotm ug]{ clwsf/sf ;fy} ax'dtsf] ljrf/;Fu c;xdt x'g] ljz]if ;'ljwf k|qsf/x?n] pkof]u u5{g\ .

cfrf/ ;+lxtfM
;To s'/f yfxf kfpg] hgtfsf] clwsf/afx]s cGo s'g} :jfy{ / aGwgaf6 kqsf/x? d'Qm x'g'kb{5 .

!_ pkxf/, cg'u|x, lgMz'Ns ofqf, ljz]if Jojxf/ jf ;'ljwfx?n] kqsf/x? / ltgsf /f]huf/bftfsf] OdfGbf/LnfO{ hf]lvddf kfg{ ;S5 . d"Nojfg\ s'g} pkxf/ :jLsf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

@_ kqsf/n] s;}n] lbPsf] ck|ToIf sfd, hflu/ jf /f]huf/L, /fhgLlts ;+nUgtf, ;fd'bflos ;+u7gx?, ;/sf/L sfof{nodf s'g} kb lnFbf kqsf/ jf kqsf/nfO{ sfddf nufpg] ;+:yfsf] OdfGbf/Ldf k|Zg p7g] l:ylt ePdf] To:tf] kb lng] jf To;af6 nfe lng] sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . kqsf/x? / ltgsf /f]huf/bftfsf cfkmgf lghL hLjgsf cfr/0f / Jojxf/ o:tf] x'g'k5{ h;n] pgLx?nfO{ jf:tljs jf ;+efljt :jfy{sf] åGå jf ljjfbaf6 ;'/lIft /fvf];\ . pgLx?sf] ;jf]{kl/ hjfkmb]xL hgtfk|lt x'G5 / of g} kqsf/sf] Joj;fosf] u'0f xf] .

#_ lghL ;"qaf6 k|ft x'g] tyfslyt ;dfrf/sf] kof{Kt k|df0f / ;dfrf/Lo d"No 5}g eg] To:tf] ;dfrf/ k|sfzg jf k|;f/0f ug'{ xF'b}g .

$_ kqsf/x?n] ljleGg afwf cj/f]w xF'bfx'b} klg ;fj{hlgs lxt x'g] p2]Zosf ;dfrf/ vf]Hg'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs sfo{ v'nf ?kd} ul/Psf] cflwsfl/s clen]v ;fj{hlgs lg/LIf0fsf nfuL v'nf /flvPsf] s'/fdf ljZjf; lbnfpg kqsf/x?n] lg/Gt/ k|of; ug'{k5{ .

%_ uf]Ko ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug{] ;dfrf/bftfsf] cfrf/–;+lxtf kqsf/x?n] :jLsf/ ug{'k5{ .

oyfy{ / ljifolgi7tfM
hgftfk|ltsf] OdfGbf/L g} ;a} :jR5 kqsfl/tfsf] cfwf/lznf xf]] .

!_ ;To xfd|f] clGtd nIo xf] .

@_ ;dfrf/ ;+sng ubf{ laifolgi7tf csf]{ p2]Zo xf] / To;}n] s'zn Joj;foLx?sf] bIftf :ki6 u5{ . of] xfd|f] sfo{sf] To:tf] dfgb08 xf] h;sf nflu xfdL lqmofzLn 5f}F . of] nIo k|fKt ug]{x?sf] xfdL sb/ ub{5f}F .

#_ coyfy{ jf cfjZos laj/0fsf] cefj IfDo x'g ;Sb}g .

$_ ;dfr/kqsf zLif{sx? To;df k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx?sf laifo–a:t';Fu k"0f{?k]0f ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . kmf]6f]u|fkm / 6]lnsfi6x?n] s'g} klg 36gfsf] oyfy{ lrq k|:t't ug'{kb{5 / c;fGble{s Pj+ ;fdfGo 36gfnfO{ a9fO{ r9fO{ k|:t't ug'{ x'Fb}g .

%_ :jR5 ;dfrf/ k|:t'ltn] ;dfrf/ ljj/0f / larf/ cleJolQm aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ k|i6 kf5{ . ;dfrf/ s'g} larf/ jf k"jf{u|xaf6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5 / To;df 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} kIfsf] egfO jf ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

^_ ;Toaf6 hfgfhfgL klG5P/ ;DkfbsLo l6Kk0fLdf JoQm ul/g] kIfkftk"0f{ b[li6sf]0fn] cd]l/sL kqsfl/tfsf] p2]Zo pNn+3g ul/Psf] 7x5{ .

&_ kqsf/x?n] ;fj{hlgs 36gf / k|Zgx?df hfgs/L, laZn]if0f, l6Kk0fL / ;DkfbsLo larf/ pknAw u/fpg] cfˆgf] pQ/bfloTj a'‰5g\ . pgLx?n] JolQmut ?kdf pknAw u/fOPsf ;fdu|L h;df pgLx?sf] Ifdtf, cg'ej / d"Nof+sg k|:t't ul/Psf x'G5g\, plrt nfu]df To;nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ bfloTj :jLsf/ ub{5g\ .

ljz]if n]vx? jf s'g} kIfsf] jsfnt ug]{ u/L s'g} ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] jf n]vssf] cfˆg} lgisif{ jf JofVof xf] eg] Tof] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg'k5{ .

:jR5tfM
kqsf/x?n] ;dfrf/ ;+sng / k|:t't ug]{ qmddf xd];f ;Da4 JolQmx?sf] k|lti7f, uf]kgLotf, clwsf/ / lxtk|lt ;Ddfg k|blz{t ug'{k5{ .

!_ ;dfrf/ dfWodn] cleo'QmnfO{ hjfkm lbg] cj;/ pknAw gu/fO{ p;sf] k|lti7f jf g}lts rl/qdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ vfnsf cgf}krfl/s cf/f]k k|sflzt k|;fl/t ug{' x'Fb}g .

@_ ;dfrf/ dfWodn] s'g} klg JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ xgg ug'{ x'Fb}g . p;sf] of] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug'{ ;+rf/ dfWodsf] st{Jo xf] .

#_ ;+rf/ dfWodn] b'/frf/ / ck/fwsf lj:t[t ljj/0f lbg] lgx'Fdf cZnLn, ljs[ltsf s'/fdf nfUg' x'Fb}g .

$_ cfˆgf uNtLx?sf] tTsfn / OdfGbf/L;fy e"n;'wf/ ug{' ;dfrf/kqsf] st{Jo xf] .

%_ kqsf/x? cfˆgf ;dfrf/sf nflu hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5, hgtfnfO{ ;+rf/ dfWodk|lt pgLx?sf u'gf;f] kf]Vg k|f]T;flxt ul/g'kb{5 . kf7s, bz{sx? tyf >f]tfx?;Fu v'nf jftf{nfknfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 .

k|0f M
kqsf/x?åf/f oL dfgb08 pn+3g x'g glbg lg/Gt/ k|oTgzLn /xg'kb{5 / o; sfo{df ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ ;a} kqsf/x?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g'kb{5 . cd]l/sL kqsf/x? tyf cd]l/sL hgtfaLr kf/:kl/s ljZjf; / ;Ddfgsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ of] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf jf+5gLo 5 .

k|mfG;df k|];sf] cfrf/ / Jojxf/
k|mfG;sf] If]qLo b}lgs cvaf/df nfu" ul/Psf lgod tyf cEof;x?af6 p4[t

ljrf/ / cf:yfsf] lgaf{w cfbfgk|bfg ug{' ;jf{lws jfl~5t dfgj clwsf/x?dWo] Ps xf] . o;sf] cy{ o; :jtGqtfsf] b'?kof]u eO/x]sf] 5 egL sfg"gn] eg]sf] cj:yfnfO{ 5f]8]/, x/]s JolQmn] lghn] rfx]sf] s'/f eGg / s'g} klg s'/f n]Vg jf k|sflzt ug{;S5 -dflg; / gful/ssf clwsf/x?sf] cu:6 @^, !&*( sf] 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f !!_

x/]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s cleJolQm ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . o;cGtu{t s'g} clwsf/Lsf] x:tIf]k / /fli6«o ;fFw;Ldfsf] 5]saf/lagf ;dfrf/ jf ljrf/ k|fKt ug]{ jf k|]lift ug]{ clwsf/;d]t ;dflxt 5 -dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfx?sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL cle;lGwsf] wf/f !) _

Jofj;flos lgod / cEof;x?

;dfrf/kqsf] cfˆgf kf7sx?;Fu ulx/f] ;DaGw x'G5 / kf7sk|ltsf] cfˆgf pQ/bfloTjx?af/] ;r]t /xG5 . 36gfx?sf ;DaGwdf ;dfrf/ lbFbf tYo / l6Kk0fL 5'l§g] u/L k|:t't ug{ cvaf/x?n] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpF5g\ .

!= ljj/0faf/] uDeL/tf / Wofg

s]jn k|dfl0ft / ;TotYo ljj/0fx? k|sflzt ug{'k5{ . s'g} klg ;dfrf/kqsf] ljZj;gLotf To;sf] k|dfl0ft / ;xL ;dfrf/ 5fKg] Ifdtfdf e/ k5{ . ;TotYo hfFr]/ dfq ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ug'{ ;dfrf/kqsf] uDeL/tf, ;"Idb[li6 / ljZj;gLotfsf] lrGx xf] . ckmjfxnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{' x'Fb}g . ;~rf/sf cGo dfWodn] k|;fl/t ul/;s]sf] eP klg ;dfrf/kqn] ckmjfxsf] k|;f/nfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug{sf nflu cfkm"n] ug{;Sg] x/]s pkfo ug{'k5{ .

@= JolQmk|lt ;Ddfg

;dfrf/kqn] e]befj, hfltjfb jf lx+;f e8\sfpg] sfo{ gu/L ;';"lrt ug{'k5{ . s'g} klg dflg; sxfF s;/L s'g hft, s'g wd{df hGDof]Ù p;sf] ;d'bfo, /fi6«, hfthflt jf wd{ s] xf] eGg] cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj, 3[0ff jf lx+;fsf] pS;fx6nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ sfg"gnfO{ s7f]/tfsf ;fy kfng ug{'k5{ . o:tf e]befjn] kf7ssf] dgdf z+sf, lj/f]w jf 3[0ff hufpF5 . s'g} dflg; s'g} hflt jf /fi6«sf] ;b:o ePsf] jf gePsf] sf/0fn] pmk|lt 3[0ff hufpg' x'Fb}g . o:tf] 3[0ffn] ;DalGwt JolQmk|lt zq'tf pTkGg u/fpF5 / lghnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] OR5f hufpF5 . lx+;fcGtu{t dgf]j}1flgs / zf/Ll/s b'a} k|sf/sf] lx+;f k5{ . cvaf/x?n] o:tf k|:6 b]lvg] pS;fx6x?k"0f{ sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf efjgfx? hufpg] ;a} vfnsf ;fdu|Laf6 ;dfrf/kqx? k+l5g'k5{ .

#= lgGbfaf6 cnUu} /xg'
;dfrf/kqn] JolQmsf] ;Ddfg / k|lti7fsf] ;Ddfg ul/g] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u5{ .

• p2]Zosf] j}wtf M ;dfrf/kqn] hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xssf cfwf/df ;fdfGo kf7snfO{ dgdf /fvL ;b}j tYox? k|:t't ug{'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u5{ . 36gfdf ;+nUg /x]sf dflg;x?eGbf 36gfnfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .

• JolQmut zq'tfsf] cefj M ;dfrf/kqx?n] dflg;;Fusf JolQmut dbe]bx?af6 k|]l/t ljjfbf:kb n]v÷/rgfnfO{ hfgL–hfgL k|sfzg ug{af6 hf]lug'k5{ .

• efiffdf ;+od M ;dfrf/kqn] /rgfx?df cGo dflg;x?nfO{ :tAw t'Nofpg] jf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] efiff k|of]u ul/g' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f klg ;'lglZrt ug{'k5{ .

• cg';Gwfgsf] ljZj;gLotf M ;dfrf/sf] vf]hL ubf{ ;f] 36gfsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?nfO{ ;'Gg' k5{ eGg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / of] l;4fGtsf] k"0f{ kfng g} OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ul/g] s'g} klg cg';Gwfgsf] d'6' xf] .

$= ;a} vfnsf ljrf/k|lt v'nf /xg'

;dfrf/ tof/ ubf{ ;dfrf/ / 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo kIfx?;Fu ;Dks{ u/]/ pgLx?sf] ljrf/ a'lemG5 . lgikIf ?kdf pgLx?sf] ljrf/ hfGg / ;dfrf/ k|:t't ug{ o;f] ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . t/ s'g} kIfn] ;xof]u ug{ dfg]g jf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ OGsf/ u5{ eg] ;dfrf/kqn] ;f] s'/f kf7snfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ .

%= cg'dflgt lgbf]{liftfsfsf] ;Ddfg

k|mfG;]nL ;+ljwfgcGtu{t cbfntaf6 bf]ifL k|dfl0ft geP;Dd x/]s JolQmnfO{ lgbf]{if dfGg'k5{ . olb To:tf] JolQmaf/] ;"rgf k|sflzt ug{' hg;fwf/0fsf] lxtdf /x]5 eg] p;sf] cg'dflgt lgbf]{liftfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ . o;}n] To:tf JolQmsf] ;dfrf/ lbFbf kf7s;dIf s:tf ljj/0fx? k'¥ofpg] / ltgLx?nfO{ s;/L k+|:t't ug]{ eGg] tl/sfaf/] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

^= ;dfrf/sf] oyfy{tf / o;sf] k|:t'ltdf ;ts{tf Pj+ lgikIftf ;'lglZrt ug{'

dfly j0f{g ul/Psf oyfy{tf, ;ts{tf, lgikIftf / ljj/0fk|lt ;fjwfgLsf l;4fGtx?, ljz]if u/]/ dfgjLo rf;f]sf ;dfrf/x?sf] xsdf, nfu" x'G5g\ .

;Dkfbsx?sf] pQ/L cd]l/sL ;dfhsf] k];fut cfrf/;+lxtf
-p4[t c+z_

:jtGqtf M hfgLhfgL c;To 6Lsfl6Kk0fLx?sf] qmlds k"jf{u|x k|:t't ug'{ cd]l/sL kqsfl/tfsf] ckdfg xf] . ;d;fdlos 36gf k|:t't ubf{ o:tf] sfd ug'{ ;dfrf/sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtdfly Wj+;fTds cfqmd0f xf] .

:jR5tf M s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] k|lt/Iffug]{ cj;/ k|bfg gu/Lsg p;sf] k|lti7f jf ;Ddfgdfly cfqmd0f ug]{ sfd ;dfrf/kqn] ug{' x'Fb}g . Gofosf] ;fdfGo k|lqmofeGbf aflx/ uP/ s'g} uDeL/ cf/f]k nufpFbf dflg;x?nfO{ cfˆgf] kIf /fVg] jf k|lt/Iff ug]{ cj;/ lbg'k5{ . s'g} sfd hg;fwf/0fsf] lxtdf 5 eGg] lglZrt geOsg kf7ssf] lh1f;f zfGt kfg]{ p2]Zon] dfq ;dfrf/kqnfO{ JolQmut dfldnfdf k|j]z ug]{ jf s'g} JolQmsf JolQmut efjgfx?df x:tIf]k ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt x'Fb}g .

lzi6frf/ M pRr g}lts p2]Zox?k|lt k|lta4tf JoQm u/]/ klg olb ;dfrf/kqn] clt pQ]hs, kf7sx?nfO{ ck/fw jf cg}lts lqmofsnfklt/ nfUg pS;fpg] / hglxt x'g] ;Defjgf gePsf ;dfrf/ k|sflzt u5{ eg] ;f] ;dfrf/kqdfly lglZrt ?kdf kfv08sf] cf/f]k nfU5 . of] cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf plNnlvt s'/fx?sf] kfng ug]{ u/fpg] cfjZos Ifdtf / cflwsfl/stf s'g} cvaf/;Fu 5}g eg] o:tf] r'Tyf] k|j[lQnfO{ ls t ax';+Vos kf7sn] c:jLsf/ ug]{ 5g\ ls o:tf s'/fnfO{ lgGbf ug]{ kqsf/x?af6 bjfa l;h{gf x'g]5 eGg] cfzf of] ;+lxtfdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kqsf/x?n] ub{5g\ .

a]nfotsf kqsf/x?sf] cfrf/ / Jojxf/
-a]nfotsf] /fli6«o kqsf/ ;+u7gsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf / sfo{ Jojxf/x?af6 p4[t_

sfo{ Jojxf/x?sf] wf/f % M s'g} klg ;b:on] s'g} klg p2]Zon] csf]{ kqsf/sf] /rgf÷s[lt rf]g]{ jf p;sf] cg'dltlagf pkof]u u/]/ p;sf] zf]if0f ug]{5}g .

sfo{ Jojxf/x?sf] wf/f !@ M Pp6f ;b:on] c? kqsf/x?nfO{ cfb/ / ljj]sk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{5 .

cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] wf/f % M kqsf/n] ;"rgf, kmf]6f] / lrqx? s]jn ;f]emf] / ;kmf tl/sfn] -5nsk6 gu/L, h'g sfdsf] nflu xf] ToxL sfd atfP/_ k|fKt ug]{5 . hglxtsf] b[li6n] clt cjZos ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq c? pkfo k|of]u u/]sf] plrt 7x¥ofpg ;lsg]5 . o:tf tl/sfx?sf] k|of]u ubf{ kqsf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] JolQmut ;b\ljj]ssf cfwf/df cfklQ hgfpg] Ogsf/ ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .

cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] wf/f ^ M hglxtsf] nflu gu/L gx'g] egL To;sf] cf}lrTo ;flat x'g] l:yltnfO{ 5f8]/ cGo s'g} cj:yfdf kqsf/n] JolQmut zf]s / si6df x:tIf]k x'g] s'g} klg sfd ug]{5}g .

hfkfg kqsf/x?sf] cfrf/ / Jojxf/
-lgxf]g l;Da'g Sof]sL kqsf/x?sf] a8fkqaf6 p4[t_

wf/f !M oyfy{÷;xL ?kdf / OdfGbf/Lk"j{s tYox?sf] l/kf]6{ ug'{ ;dfrf/;DaGwL ;af{lws dxTjk"0f{ lgod xf] .

wf/f @ M tYox?sf] l/kf]6{ ubf{ kqsf/x?n] slxn] klg cfˆgf JolQmut ljrf/x?nfO{ 3';fpg' x'Fb}g .

wf/f # M s'g} ;dfrf/ tof/ ubf{ ls To;nfO{ k|rf/afhLsf] sfddf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f kqsf/x?n] slxn] klg la;{g' xF'b}g / o;af/] pxLx? ljz]if ?kdf ;ts{ x'g'k5{ .

wf/f $ M cfnf]rgf ubf{ kqsf/x?n] pgLx?n] JolQmsf] x}l;otn] ug{ rfxg] l6Kk0fLx?leq cfkm"nfO{ ;Lldt ug{'k5{ .

wf/f % M hfgLhfgL ul/g] k"jf{u|xk"0f{ l6Kk0fLn] kqsf/sf] k];fsf] efjgf / dof{bfnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpF5 .